Section 119 — Carry forward and set off of losses not permissible in certain cases

(1) In case of change in constitution of a firm during a tax year, nothing in
this Chapter shall entitle the firm to have carried forward and set off so much
of the loss proportionate to the share of a retired or deceased partner as exceeds
his share of profits, if any, in the firm in respect of the tax year.
(2) If any person carrying on any business or profession has been succeeded in such
capacity by another person, otherwise than by inheritance, nothing in this Chapter
shall entitle any person other than the person incurring the loss to have it carried
forward and set off against his income.
(3) Irrespective of anything contained in this Chapter, in case of a change in share-
holding during the tax year of a company (not being a company in which the public
are substantially interested),—
( a) no loss incurred in any year prior to the tax year shall be carried forward
and set off against the income of the tax year unless on the last day of
the tax year, the shares of the company carrying not less than 51% of the
voting power were beneficially held by the persons who beneficially held
shares of the company carrying not less than 51% of the voting power
on the last day of the year or years in which the loss was incurred; and
( b) regardless of the change in percentage of shareholding, where the com-
pany is an eligible start up referred to in section 140, the loss incurred
in any year prior to the tax year shall be allowed to be carried forward
and set off against the income of the tax year, if—
( i) all the shareholders of such company who held shares carrying
voting power on the last day of the year or years in which the loss
was incurred, continue to hold those shares on the last day of such
tax year; and
( ii) such loss has been incurred during the period of ten years beginning
from the year in which such company is incorporated.
(4) The provisions of sub-section (3) shall not apply—
( a) where a change in the voting power and shareholding takes place in the
tax year referred to in that sub-section due to death of shareholder or
transfer of shares by way of gift to any relative of the shareholder; or
( b) where change in shareholding of Indian company, being a subsidiary of
foreign company, takes place due to amalgamation or demerger of the
foreign company and 51% of the shareholders of amalgamating or de -
merged foreign company are shareholders of amalgamated or resulting
foreign company; or
( c) where change in shareholding takes place in a tax year consequent to a
resolution plan approved under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code,
2016 (31 of 2016) and a reasonable opportunity of being heard was
afforded to the jurisdictional Principal Commissioner or Commissioner;
or
( d) to a company, its subsidiary and subsidiary of such subsidiary, if—
( i) the Board of Directors of such company were suspended by the
Tribunal on an application moved by the Central Government
under section 241 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) and new
directors were appointed by the Central Government under section
242 of the said Act; and
( ii) the change in shareholding of such company and its subsidiary,
and subsidiary of such subsidiary has taken place consequent to a
resolution plan approved by the Tribunal under section 242 of the
Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) and a reasonable opportunity of
being heard was afforded to the jurisdictional Principal Commis -
sioner or Commissioner; or
( e) to a company to the extent that a change in the shareholding has taken
place during the tax year on account of relocation referred to in section
70(2) (Table: Sl. No. 5.C); or
( f) to an erstwhile public sector company where ultimate holding company
of such company, immediately after the completion of strategic disinvest-
ment, continues to hold, directly or through its subsidiary or subsidiaries,
at least 51% of the voting power of such company in aggregate.
(5) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (4), if the conditions specified
in sub-section (4)( f) is not complied with in any tax year after the completion of
strategic disinvestment, the provisions of sub-section (3) shall apply for such tax
year and subsequent tax years.
(6) For the purposes of this section,—
( a) a company shall be a subsidiary of another company, if such other com-
pany holds more than half in nominal value of the equity share capital
of the company;
( b) the expression “erstwhile public sector company” shall have the meaning
assigned to it in section 116(3)(b);
( c) “strategic disinvestment” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section
116(3)(c)(i);
( d) “Tribunal” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section
2(90) of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013).